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Bangun Infrastruktur Pakai Utang China, Negara-Negara Ini Bangkrut

[MILENIAL.CLUB] Besaran utang luar negeri yang dihadapi oleh Indonesia tengah menjadi perhatian. Salah satunya adalah utang luar negeri yang digunakan untuk membiayai proyek-proyek infrastruktur di Indonesia.

Peneliti di Institute dor Fevelopment of Economics and Finance (INDEF) Rizal Taufikurahman mengungkapkan, ada beberapa negara yang telah menggunakan skema utang dalam membiayai pembangunan infrastruktur, mulai dari Jepang, China, Korea Selatan, Angola, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Sri Lanka.

Akan tetapi pembiayaan infrastruktur melalui utang luar negeri tak selalu berjalan mulus, ada beberapa negara yang gagal bayar atau bangkrut.

"Jadi ada bad story dan success story. Yang bad story itu Angola, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Pakistan dan Sri Lanka," ungkap Rizal saat diakusi dengan media di Kantor INDEF, Jakarta, seperti dilansir Kompas.

Negara-negara Yang Bangkrut Karena Utang China

Adapun kisah pahit negara yang gagal membayar utang dari utang luar negeri adalah Zimbabwe yang memiliki utang sebesar 40 juta dollar AS kepada China.

Akan tetapi Zimbabwe tak mampu membayarkan utangnya kepada China, hingga akhirnya harus mengganti mata uangnnya menjadi Yuan sebagai imbalan penghapusan utang.

Penggantian mata uang itu berlaku sejak 1 Januari 2016, setelah Zimbabwe tidak mampu membayar utang jatuh tempo pada akhir Desember 2015.

Kemudian, kisah pahit selanjutnya dialami oleh Nigeria yang disebabkan oleh model pembiayaan melalui utang yang disertai perjanjian merugikan negara penerima pinjaman dalam jangka panjang.

Dalam hal ini China mensyaratkan penggunaan bahan baku dan buruh kasar asal China untuk pembangunan infrastruktur di Negeria.

Kemudian, ada Sri Lanka yang juga tidak mampu membayarkan utang luar negerinya untuk pembangunan infrastruktur, Sri Lanka sampai harus melepas Pelabuhan Hambatota sebesar Rp 1,1 triliun atau sebesar 70 persen sahamnya dijual kepada Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) China.

"Mereka membangun proyek infrastrukturnya lewat utang, akhirnya mereka tidak bisa bayar utang. Banyak beberapa negara, di antaranya Angola mengganti nilai mata uangnya. Zimbabwe juga," ungkapnya.

Hati-hati


Rizal menegaskan, dengan demikian pemerintah perlu kehati-hatian dan kecermatan dalam mengelola utang luar negeri terutama yang berkaitan untuk pembangunan infrastruktur.

Tercatat, pada akhir 2014, utang pemerintah mencapai Rp 2.609 triliun dengan rasio 24,7 persen terhadap PDB. Sedangkan hingga akhir 2017, utang pemerintah mencapai Rp 3.942 triliun dengan rasio 29,4 persen.

Berdasarkan data Bank Indonesia (BI) Utang Luar Negeri Indonesia pada akhir Januari 2018 meningkat 10,3 persen (yoy) menjadi 357,5 miliar dollar AS atau sekitar Rp 4.915 triliun (kurs Rp 13.750 per dollar AS).

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